Introduction

The chewing stick, a traditional oral hygiene tool used for centuries across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, is experiencing renewed interest in the era of modern dentistry. Often derived from the roots, twigs, or bark of specific trees, this natural alternative to the plastic toothbrush is endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an effective means of maintaining oral hygiene. Unlike modern toothpastes that rely on synthetic chemicals, chewing sticks offer a unique dual-action benefit: mechanical cleaning combined with the release of natural bioactive compounds. This write-up explores the science-backed benefits of this ancient practice, identifies the best species to use, provides a guide on proper usage, and outlines necessary precautions.

Benefits

1.      Superior Antimicrobial and Anti-Caries Action

Research has demonstrated that certain chewing sticks are significantly more effective at fighting tooth decay than conventional fluoride toothpastes. A Nigerian study comparing three local chewing sticks against major toothpaste brands found that the ethanol extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides (Orin ata) showed superior antibacterial activity against caries-causing bacteria. The efficacy of chewing sticks is attributed to the release of natural phytochemicals—such as tannins, alkaloids, and saponins—which disrupt bacterial cell walls and inhibit plaque formation.

2.      Neutralization of Acidogenic Challenges

The primary mechanism of tooth decay involves oral bacteria converting sugars into acids that demineralize tooth enamel. A clinical study published in Medical Science Monitor found that chewing Garcinia manii stick for just five minutes significantly reversed the drop in saliva pH caused by a glucose rinse. Chewing the stick facilitated a much faster return to a neutral pH level compared to the control group, thereby interrupting the acid attack on teeth.

3.      Mechanical Cleaning and Gum Stimulation

Chewing sticks act as natural exfoliators. When chewed, the end of the stick frays into a brush-like texture of soft fibers. These fibers effectively sweep away food debris and plaque from tooth surfaces. Simultaneously, the action of chewing provides a therapeutic massage to the gums, stimulating blood circulation and promoting gingival health, which helps prevent gum recession and bleeding.

4.      Additional Therapeutic Properties

Beyond oral health, many chewing stick plants possess secondary medicinal benefits. For instance, Massularia acuminata (Pako Ijebu) has been recognized in pharmacological studies not only for its anti-gingivitis properties but also for its traditional use as an aphrodisiac, with studies showing it can increase testosterone levels in animal models. Furthermore, species like Garcinia kola (bitter kola) are traditionally used to relieve coughs, bronchial troubles, and hoarseness.

Types of Wood for Good Benefits

The effectiveness of a chewing stick depends entirely on the tree species. Here are the most scientifically validated and traditionally preferred types:

  • Neem (Azadirachta indica): Highly preferred for its potent antibacterial properties. It releases compounds that kill oral bacteria, reducing plaque and preventing gum disease.
  • Candlewood (Fagara zanthoxyloides): Known as Orin ata in Yoruba. It is considered one of the most effective for anti-caries activity due to its high alkaloid content. It also has a numbing effect that can soothe toothaches.
  • Chewing Stick (Massularia acuminata): Referred to as Pako Ijebu. Excellent for fighting gingivitis and oral pathogens like Streptococcus mutans. It is also traditionally valued for its aphrodisiac properties.
  • Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina): Known for its general health benefits, this plant offers significant antimicrobial activity and is used as a digestive tonic.
  • African Sandalwood (Baphia nitida): Known as Abosi in Igbo. Possesses significant antimicrobial properties that inhibit cariogenic streptococci bacteria, making it effective for preventing and managing dental caries (tooth decay).
  • False Kola (Garcinia kola / Garcinia manii): Highly popular in Ghana and Nigeria. Studies confirm it effectively raises saliva pH after eating, preventing acid damage. It is often considered superior to other types for general cleaning.
  • Mango (Mangifera indica): A commonly available species with high preference indices due to its accessibility and acceptable taste.

 How It Is Used

Proper technique is crucial to maximize benefits and minimize risks:

  1. Preparation: Cut a fresh stick (pencil-thickness) about 10-15 cm long. Remove the bark from one end.
  2. Fraying: Chew gently on the prepared end until it splays into a brush-like “fiber brush.”
  3. Cleaning: Use the frayed end to scrub the teeth, gums, and tongue in a similar motion to a toothbrush. Focus on the gum line and between teeth.
  4. Chewing (Optional): Many users continue to chew the stick after brushing to continue stimulating saliva flow and releasing active compounds.
  5. Disposal: Discard the stick after 2-3 uses (or daily) to prevent bacterial buildup.

 Side Effects and Caution

While generally safe, users should be aware of potential risks, primarily related to mechanical stress on the jaw joint.

  1. Jaw Overuse and TMJ Disorders

Chewing sticks constitutes a “parafunctional” habit (chewing for non-nutritive purposes). Constant chewing can place excessive force on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which connects the jaw to the skull. This can lead to or worsen:

  • Jaw pain and stiffness.
  • Clicking or popping sounds when opening the mouth.
  • Headaches and facial pain.

Advice: If you have a history of TMJ pain or jaw issues, avoid using chewing sticks. For healthy users, limit usage to short durations (similar to the study protocol of 5 minutes) rather than chewing idly for hours.

  • Dental Damage

Chewing hard wood can be abrasive. Over-vigorous chewing may lead to:

  • Excessive wear of the tooth enamel.
  • Cracked or chipped teeth, particularly if teeth are already weakened by cavities.
  • Non-Specific Strain

Chronic chewing can lead to misalignment of the jaw muscles over time. Users should ensure they chew on both sides of the mouth to avoid unilateral strain.

 References

  1. Addai, F. K., Nuamah, I. K., & Parkins, G. E. (2002). Brief chewing of Garcinia manii stick reverses reduced saliva pH after a glucose rinse. Medical Science Monitor, 8(11), CR746-CR750.
  2. Cleveland Clinic. (2022, June 30). Is Chewing Gum Bad for You? Health Essentials.
  3. Ogunkunle, A. T. J., Olu, F. O., & Ideh, J. E. (2025). Traditional oral hygiene practice by means of chewing sticks in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 13(5), 01-08.
  4. Odeleye, O. F., Okunye, O. L., Kesi, C., & Abatan, T. O. (2018). ‘Chewing sticks prevent tooth decay better than conventional toothpastes’. The Guardian Nigeria / British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.
  5. iHerb. (2022). How to Incorporate Ayurvedic Natural Therapies into Daily Oral Care.
  6. JSTOR. (n.d.). Garcinia kola (Chewing Stick) entry. Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa.
  7. Thompson, D. (2024, August 12). TikTok Craze ‘Extra Hard’ Gum Won’t Chisel Your Jawline. HealthDay News / Hackensack University Medical Center.
  8. El Paso Back Clinic. (2023). What Not To Do With Temporomandibular Joint Disorder.